October 2023

• October 7, 2023 – Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel, killing around 1,200 people and taking roughly 250 hostages. Israel responded immediately with heavy airstrikes across Gaza.
  

• October 8–31, 2023 – Israeli airstrikes pounded Gaza, targeting densely populated areas. By the end of October, over 8,000 Palestinians had been reported killed, according to Gaza health authorities.
  

• October 17, 2023 – An explosion at the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital in Gaza City killed an estimated 200–500 people. Responsibility remains disputed.
  

• October 19, 2023 – An Israeli airstrike hit the Church of Saint Porphyrius, where civilians were sheltering, killing at least 18 people.
  

• October 27, 2023 – Israel launched a full-scale ground invasion into northern Gaza, leading to intensified battles and increased casualties among civilians and fighters.

November – December 2023

• Daily airstrikes and shelling continued throughout Gaza, particularly in the north. Civilian infrastructure, including schools, refugee camps, and hospitals, were hit.
  

• By the end of December 2023, the Palestinian death toll surpassed 20,000, according to the Gaza Health Ministry.

January – March 2024

• Winter 2024 saw continued bombardment, including on southern areas like Khan Younis and Rafah, where many displaced people had fled. Thousands more were killed.
  

• By March 2024, the estimated death toll had reached approximately 29,000–30,000.

April – July 2024

• Airstrikes and ground operations intensified in southern Gaza. Many shelters and refugee camps were hit, resulting in additional mass casualties.
  

• By July 2024, total deaths were reported to exceed 35,000, with tens of thousands more wounded.

August – December 2024

• Despite some brief lulls, Israeli operations continued across Gaza. Entire neighborhoods were reduced to rubble. Reports described escalating death rates in areas where aid was scarce.
  

• By December 2024, the death toll was estimated at over 45,000.

January – March 2025

• The death toll surpassed 50,000 by early 2025, according to the Gaza Health Ministry. Many of the dead were women and children, with mass casualties reported in strikes on hospitals, aid convoys, and shelters.
  

• March 2025 – A series of Israeli airstrikes killed nearly 700 people in one week, according to Palestinian sources, marking one of the deadliest periods since the conflict began.

April 2025

• Death toll increased to 52,000. Approximately 90% of Gaza's population has been displaced due to ongoing military operations.

• April 9: An airstrike on the Shuja'iyya neighborhood of Gaza City destroyed a residential building, killing at least 35 Palestinians and injuring over 70.

• April 13–21: Israeli military operations intensified in Rafah and surrounding areas. Shelling and airstrikes resulted in multiple civilian deaths, including children.

• April 22: Gaza's civil defense agency reported that Israeli airstrikes killed at least 25 people across the territory.

• April 26: An Israeli airstrike flattened a three-story home in Gaza City, killing 10 people—half of them children.

• April 30: an Israeli airstrike in Zawaida, central Gaza, killed a 4-year-old girl named Massa Abed and several other children.